First neurotranscriptome of adults Tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) with characterization and differential expression between males and females.

The Tambaqui is one of the most representative Amazon fish species, being highly exploited in fisheries, aquaculture and as a research model. Nonetheless, data about functional genome are still required to evaluate reproductive and nutrition parameters as well as resistance to pathogens. The of next-generation sequencing has allows assessing the transcriptional processes in non-model species by providing comprehensive gene collections to be used as a database in further genomic applications and increased performance of captive populations. In this study, we relied on RNAseq approach to generate the first transcriptome of the telencephalon from adult males and females of Colossoma macropomum, resulting in a reference dataset for future functional studies. We retrieved 896,238 transcripts, including the identification of 267,785 contigs and 203,790 genes. From this total, 91 transcripts were differentially expressed, being 63 and 28 of them positively regulated for females and males, respectively. The functional annotation resulted in a library of 40 candidate genes for females and 20 for males. The functional enrichment classes comprised reproductive processes (GO:0,048,609; GO:0,003,006; GO:0,044,703; GO:0,032,504; GO:0,019,953) being related to sex differentiation (e.g., SAFB) and immune response (e.g., SLC2A6, AHNAK, NLRC3, NLRP3 and IgC MHC I alpha3), thus indicating that the genes in the neurotranscriptome of Tambaqui participate in sex differentiation and homeostasis of captive specimens. These data are useful to design the selection of genes related to sex determination and animal welfare in raising systems of Tambaqui.

Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents.

Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen: resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections.

Molecular Changes in the Brain of the Wintering Calidris pusilla in the Mangroves of the Amazon River Estuary.

Migrant birds prepare differently to fly north for breeding in the spring and for the flight to lower latitudes during autumn, avoiding the cold and food shortages of the Northern Hemisphere's harsh winter. The molecular events associated with these fundamental stages in the life history of migrants include the differential gene expression in different tissues. Semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) are Arctic-breeding shorebirds that migrate to the coast of South America during the non-breeding season. In a previous study, we demonstrated that between the beginning and the end of the wintering period, substantial glial changes and neurogenesis occur in the brain of C. pusilla. These changes follow the epic journey of the autumn migration when a 5-day non-stop transatlantic flight towards the coast of South America and the subsequent preparation for the long-distance flight of the spring migration takes place. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the differential gene expressions observed in the brains of individuals captured in the autumn and spring windows are consistent with the previously described cellular changes. We searched for differential gene expressions in the brain of the semipalmated sandpiper, of recently arrived birds (RA) from the autumnal migration, and that of individuals in the premigratory period (PM) in the spring. All individuals were collected in the tropical coastal of northern Brazil in the mangrove region of the Amazon River estuary. We generated a de novo neurotranscriptome for C. pusilla individuals and compared the gene expressions across libraries. To that end, we mapped an RNA-Seq that reads to the C. pusilla neurotranscriptome in four brain samples of each group and found that the differential gene expressions in newly arrived and premigratory birds were related with neurogenesis, metabolic pathways (ketone body biosynthetic and the catabolic and lipid biosynthetic processes), and glial changes (astrocyte-dopaminergic neuron signaling, astrocyte differentiation, astrocyte cell migration, and astrocyte activation involved in immune response), as well as genes related to the immune response to virus infections (Type I Interferons), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF, and NF-κB), NLRP3 inflammasome, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and cell death pathways (pyroptosis- and caspase-related changes).

Correção de desvio de linha média dentária com o auxílio de ancoragem esquelética e extrações unilaterais ­ relato de caso / Correction of dental midline deviation with the aid of skeletal anchorage and unilateral extraction ­ case report

Resumo Atualmente temos pacientes mais preocupados com a estética facial, e essa tem sido o principal motivo para a procura do tratamento ortodôntico, sendo a linha média facial um fator importante na análise morfológica do sorriso do ponto de vista estético. O desvio da linha média dentária atinge o complexo dentoalveolar, e ocorre quando existe um desequilíbrio entre os dentes e a base apical, do hemiarco direito e esquerdo ou entre os dentes superiores e os inferiores. A utilização de microparafusos como unidades de ancoragem, além de anular os efeitos colaterais indesejáveis, simplifica a mecânica ortodôntica, fornece uma maior previsibilidade ao resultado do tratamento, proporciona maior conforto e estética ao paciente, reduz o tempo de tratamento e possibilita a correção de casos com perdas dentárias, já que fornece uma ancoragem direta. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi demonstrar através de um relato de caso clínico a correção da assimetria de desvio da linha média e uma melhor harmonia facial com a utilização de exodontias assimétricas de pré-molares e o uso de microparafusos ortodônticos de titânio como ancoragem (AU)

Abstract Currently, patients are more concerned with facial aesthetics, and this has been the main reason for seeking orthodontic treatment, with the facial midline being an important factor in the morphological analysis of the smile from an aesthetic point of view. Deviation from the dental midline affects the dentoalveolar complex, and occurs when there is an imbalance between the teeth and the apical base, of the right and left hemiarch or between the upper and lower teeth. The use of microscrews as anchorage units, in addition to canceling undesirable side effects, simplifies orthodontic mechanics, provides greater predictability of treatment results, provides greater comfort and aesthetics to the patient, reduces treatment time and allows for correction of cases with tooth loss, as it provides direct anchorage. The main objective of this work was to demonstrate, through a clinical case report, the correction of midline deviation asymmetry and better facial harmony with the use of asymmetric extraction of premolars and the use of titanium orthodontic microscrews as anchorage(AU)

Uma nova perspectiva na Ortodontia, tratamento híbrido 3DBOT e alinhadores ­ relato de caso / A new perspective in Orthodontics: 3DBOT hybrid treatment and aligners ­ case report

Abstract Among the most varied orthodontic techniques in orthodontics, the 3DBOT technique (Three-Dimensional Orthodontic Treatment without Brackets) stands out because it uses technology, the 3D set up, in a mandatory manner. By definition, the technique enables movements in the three dimensions of space, with high predictability of movement, does not requiring brackets as support for dental correction. The aligners ensure torque control and an excellent final detailing. This study aims to describe a clinical case of Angle Class I, with crowding of the teeth, treated with the 3DBOT fixed technique and aligners. The results were achieved in the first stage lasting 8 months, followed by the final aligners by 3 months period time. The 3DBOT technique proved to be an effective, efficient and mainly comfortable optionm (AU)

Resumo Diante das mais variadas técnicas ortodônticas existentes na Ortodontia, a técnica 3DBOT (Tratamento Tridimensional Ortodôntico sem Bráquetes) se destaca por utilizar a tecnologia, o set up 3D, de forma obrigatória. Por definição, a técnica possibilita movimentos nas três dimensões do espaço, com alta previsibilidade dos movimentos, não necessitando dos bráquetes como suporte para a correção dentária. Os alinhadores asseguram o controle dos torques e um excelente detalhamento final. O presente estudo visa descrever um caso clínico de Classe I de Angle, com apinhamentos dentários, tratada com a técnica fixa 3DBOT e alinhadores. Os resultados foram alcançados na primeira etapa com duração de 8 meses, seguidos dos alinhadores finais por 3 meses. A técnica 3DBOT demonstrou ser uma opção eficaz, eficiente e principalmente confortável. (AU)

Microglial Morphology Across Distantly Related Species: Phylogenetic, Environmental and Age Influences on Microglia Reactivity and Surveillance States.

Microglial immunosurveillance of the brain parenchyma to detect local perturbations in homeostasis, in all species, results in the adoption of a spectrum of morphological changes that reflect functional adaptations. Here, we review the contribution of these changes in microglia morphology in distantly related species, in homeostatic and non-homeostatic conditions, with three principal goals (1): to review the phylogenetic influences on the morphological diversity of microglia during homeostasis (2); to explore the impact of homeostatic perturbations (Dengue virus challenge) in distantly related species (Mus musculus and Callithrix penicillata) as a proxy for the differential immune response in small and large brains; and (3) to examine the influences of environmental enrichment and aging on the plasticity of the microglial morphological response following an immunological challenge (neurotropic arbovirus infection). Our findings reveal that the differences in microglia morphology across distantly related species under homeostatic condition cannot be attributed to the phylogenetic origin of the species. However, large and small brains, under similar non-homeostatic conditions, display differential microglial morphological responses, and we argue that age and environment interact to affect the microglia morphology after an immunological challenge; in particular, mice living in an enriched environment exhibit a more efficient immune response to the virus resulting in earlier removal of the virus and earlier return to the homeostatic morphological phenotype of microglia than it is observed in sedentary mice.

Shorebirds' Longer Migratory Distances Are Associated With Larger ADCYAP1 Microsatellites and Greater Morphological Complexity of Hippocampal Astrocytes.

For the epic journey of autumn migration, long-distance migratory birds use innate and learned information and follow strict schedules imposed by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, the details of which remain largely unknown. In addition, bird migration requires integrated action of different multisensory systems for learning and memory, and the hippocampus appears to be the integration center for this task. In previous studies we found that contrasting long-distance migratory flights differentially affected the morphological complexity of two types of hippocampus astrocytes. Recently, a significant association was found between the latitude of the reproductive site and the size of the ADCYAP1 allele in long distance migratory birds. We tested for correlations between astrocyte morphological complexity, migratory distances, and size of the ADCYAP1 allele in three long-distance migrant species of shorebird and one non-migrant. Significant differences among species were found in the number and morphological complexity of the astrocytes, as well as in the size of the microsatellites of the ADCYAP1 gene. We found significant associations between the size of the ADCYAP1 microsatellites, the migratory distances, and the degree of morphological complexity of the astrocytes. We suggest that associations between astrocyte number and morphological complexity, ADCYAP1 microsatellite size, and migratory behavior may be part of the adaptive response to the migratory process of shorebirds.

Contrasting migratory journeys and changes in hippocampal astrocyte morphology in shorebirds.

Semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) migration to the Southern Hemisphere includes a 5-day non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean, whereas semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) migration, to the same area, is largely over land, with stopovers for feeding and rest. We compared the number and 3D morphology of hippocampal astrocytes of Ch. semipalmatus before and after autumnal migration with those of C. pusilla to test the hypothesis that the contrasting migratory flights of these species could differentially shape hippocampal astrocyte number and morphology. We captured individuals from both species in the Bay of Fundy (Canada) and in the coastal region of Bragança (Brazil) and processed their brains for selective GFAP immunolabeling of astrocytes. Hierarchical cluster analysis of astrocyte morphological features distinguished two families of morphological phenotypes, named type I and type II, which were differentially affected after migratory flights. Stereological counts of hippocampal astrocytes demonstrated that the number of astrocytes decreased significantly in C. pusilla, but did not change in Ch. semipalmatus. In addition, C. pusilla and Ch. semipalmatus hippocampal astrocyte morphological features were differentially affected after autumnal migration. We evaluated whether astrocyte morphometric variables were influenced by phylogenetic differences between C. pusilla and Ch. semipalmatus, using phylogenetically independent contrast approach, and phylogenetic trees generated by nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Our findings suggest that phylogenetic differences do not explain the results and that contrasting long-distance migratory flights shape plasticity of type I and type II astrocytes in different ways, which may imply distinct physiological roles for these cells.

Previsibilidade de movimentos dentários com alinhadores estéticos ­ acelerando a curva de aprendizagem / Predictability of orthodontic movement with aesthetic aligners ­ accelerating the learning curve

Resumo A utilização correta dos alinhadores transparentes está diretamente ligada com a velocidade da curva de aprendizagem pela qual passam os profissionais. As maiores dificuldades parecem ser a indicação correta dos casos, o gerenciamento do fluxo digital e o manejo clínico, que estão intrinsecamente ligados ao conhecimento do funcionamento da técnica, ou seja, das propriedades de liberação de forças (propriedades mecânicas dos materiais termoplásticos), quando utilizadas em um contexto de customização por meio de sistemas CAD/CAM. Para um melhor entendimento do tema em relação aos tipos de movimentos dentários, esse artigo estabelece uma classificação de dificuldade em três categorias, variando de acordo com a quantidade de alinhadores necessários: até 10 fases (placas) para casos simples (movimentos pontuais), até 20 fases para os casos moderados e acima de 20 alinhadores para casos complexos computando-se sempre por arcada dentária (AU)

Abstract The correct use of clear aligners is directly linked to the speed of the learning curve that professionals go through. The biggest difficulties seem to be the correct indication of the cases, the management of the digital workflow and the clinical management, which are intrinsically linked to the knowledge of the technique's details, that is, the force-delivery properties (mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials), when used in a context of CAD/CAM systems customization. For a better understanding of the topic in relation to the types of tooth movement when using aligners, this article establishes a classification of difficulty into three categories, varying according to the number of aligners needed: up to 10 phases for simple cases, up to 20 phases for moderate cases, and above 20 aligners for more complex cases, always computing the aligner's number by each dental arch. (AU)

Universal Screening of SARS-CoV-2 of Oncology Healthcare Workers ­ a Brazilian experience

The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil and Latin America was reported on February 26, 2020, in São Paulo. The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has placed unprecedented strain on health-care services worldwide. Asymptomatic health-care workers (HCW) are a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, especially to immunocompromised Oncology patients. Screening of these HCWs may help contain transmission and isolate only those who require it. At Centro de Terapia Oncológica (CTO), an Oncology clinic in Petrópolis, RJ ­Brazil, all HCWs were screened for SARS-CoV-2 in order to isolate those who were asymptomatic/symptomatic and positive for the virus. They were all tested through IgM/IgG rapid testing and those who had symptoms were also tested with nasopharyngeal swabs for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests besides IgM/IgG reactivity. Amongst the 60 tested employees, 4 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were isolated. This method may be useful for health-care services to detect asymptomatic HCW and maintain workers' and patients' health, as transmission probability could be reduced while avoiding becoming short-staffed during this time of crisis.

Tratamento de má oclusão Classe II com a técnica 3dbot (Ortodontia fixa tridimensional sem bráquetes e ancoragem esquelética) / Class II malocclusion treatment with 3dbot (threedimensional fixed Orthodontic technique without brackets and skeletal anchorage)

A técnica 3DBOT (Tratamento Tridimensional Ortodôntico sem Bráquetes) recebe esse nome por realizar movimentos nas 3 dimensões do espaço sem a utilização dos bráquetes e com o auxílio da tecnologia por meio de set up 3D. Essa técnica contempla vantagens como controle absoluto da protrusão / lingualização, controle da forma do arco e da expansão planejada, controle dos movimentos verticais e anteroposteriores estabelecidos. Ela é imperceptível e confortável, além de ser uma técnica de arco contínuo, autoligada e que permite deslize, quando necessário. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de Classe II subdivisão, utilizando a técnica 3DBOT com ancoragem esquelética. A combinação do uso da Placa Versátil de Ancoragem Esquelética no palato e técnica 3DBOT mostrou ser uma opção viável para tratamento de má oclusão Classe II. (AU)

The 3DBOT technique (Three-Dimensional Orthodontic Treatment without Brackets) receives this name for performing movements in the 3 dimensions of the space without the use of brackets and with the help of technology through 3D set up. This technique includes advantages such as absolute control of protrusion / retrusion, control of the arch shape and the planned expansion, control of established vertical and anteroposterior movements. It is imperceptible and comfortable, in addition it is a straight and self-ligating technique that allows sliding when necessary. The objective of this work is to report a clinical case of Class II subdivision, using the 3DBOT technique with skeletal anchorage. The combination of the Versatile Skeletal Anchorage Plate on the palate and the 3DBOT technique proved to be a viable option for Class II malocclusion treatment. (AU)

Differential Change in Hippocampal Radial Astrocytes and Neurogenesis in Shorebirds With Contrasting Migratory Routes.

Little is known about environmental influences on radial glia-like (RGL) α cells (radial astrocytes) and their relation to neurogenesis. Because radial glia is involved in adult neurogenesis and astrogenesis, we investigated this association in two migratory shorebird species that complete their autumnal migration using contrasting strategies. Before their flights to South America, the birds stop over at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. From there, the semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) crosses the Atlantic Ocean in a non-stop 5-day flight, whereas the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) flies primarily overland with stopovers for rest and feeding. From the hierarchical cluster analysis of multimodal morphometric features, followed by the discriminant analysis, the radial astrocytes were classified into two main morphotypes, Type I and Type II. After migration, we detected differential changes in the morphology of these cells that were more intense in Type I than in Type II in both species. We also compared the number of doublecortin (DCX)-immunolabeled neurons with morphometric features of radial glial-like α cells in the hippocampal V region between C. pusilla and C. semipalmatus before and after autumn migration. Compared to migrating birds, the convex hull surface area of radial astrocytes increased significantly in wintering individuals in both C. semipalmatus and C. pusilla. Although to a different extent we found a strong correlation between the increase in the convex hull surface area and the increase in the total number of DCX immunostained neurons in both species. Despite phylogenetic differences, it is of interest to note that the increased morphological complexity of radial astrocytes in C. semipalmatus coincides with the fact that during the migratory process over the continent, the visuospatial environment changes more intensely than that associated with migration over Atlantic. The migratory flight of the semipalmated plover, with stopovers for feeding and rest, vs. the non-stop flight of the semipalmated sandpiper may differentially affect radial astrocyte morphology and neurogenesis.

Hippocampal neurogenesis and volume in migrating and wintering semipalmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla).

Long distance migratory birds find their way by sensing and integrating information from a large number of cues in their environment. These cues are essential to navigate over thousands of kilometers and reach the same breeding, stopover, and wintering sites every year. The semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) is a long-distance migrant that breeds in the arctic tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the northeast coast of South America. Its fall migration includes a 5,300-kilometer nonstop flight over the Atlantic Ocean. The avian hippocampus has been proposed to play a central role in the integration of multisensory spatial information for navigation. Hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute to hippocampal function and a variety of factors including cognitive activity, exercise, enrichment, diet and stress influence neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We quantified hippocampal neurogenesis and volume in adult migrating and wintering semipalmated sandpipers using stereological counts of doublecortin (DCX) immunolabeled immature neurons. We found that birds captured in the coastal region of Bragança, Brazil during the wintering period had more DCX positive neurons and larger volume in the hippocampus than individuals captured in the Bay of Fundy, Canada during fall migration. We also estimate the number of NeuN immunolabeled cells in migrating and wintering birds and found no significant differences between them. These findings suggest that, at this time window, neurogenesis just replaced neurons that might be lost during the transatlantic flight. Our findings also show that in active fall migrating birds, a lower level of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with a smaller hippocampal formation. High levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a larger hippocampal formation found in wintering birds may be late occurring effects of long distance migratory flight or the result of conditions the birds experienced while wintering.

Estudo radiográfico da inter-relação dos guias condiliana e anterior em pacientes com oclusão fisiológica / Radiographic study of inter-relationship of condylar guidance and anterior guidance in patients with physiological occlusion

Objetivo: O presente trabalho busca avaliar radiograficamente a possível inter-relação dos guias condiliana e anterior em pacientes com oclusão fisiológica. Material e métodos: Para tal, foram selecionadas telerradiografias laterais de 74 pacientes que foram divididos em dois grupos distintos, denominados grupo Um e grupo Dois. O grupo Um, constituído de 56 pacientes, apresentou trespasse horizontal igual a zero e oclusão fisiológica. Já o grupo Dois, composto de 18 participantes, apresentou trespasse horizontal diferente de zero. Foi realizada uma análise cefalométrica avaliada por meio da relação entre o plano de Frankfurt e a parede anterior da superfície articular do osso temporal e da face palatina dos incisivos superiores. Utilizou-se um transferidor de plástico, com variação de 0 a 180o, adaptado com um ponteiro fixado no seu centro e móvel, por meio do qual obteve-se as mensurações pela movimentação do ponteiro, cujos os dados foram anotados em uma ficha. Resultado: Do grupo Um, 52 (92,86%) apresentaram coincidência entre o guia condiliana guia anterior, e somente 4 pacientes (7,14%) não tiveram os guias coincidentes. Já o grupo Dois 17 pacientes (94,44%) apresentou guia anterior diferente da guia condiliana, e um paciente (5,56%) apresentou coincidência entre os guias. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os guias condiliana e anterior apresentaram uma interrelação direta, que constituem parâmetros para a reconstrução e/ou posicionamento da guia anterior em tratamentos reabilitadores.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate radiographically the possible inter-relation of the condylar and previous guidances in patients with physiological occlusion. Methods: For this purpose, lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected from 74 patients who were divided into two distinct groups, called group one and group two. The group one consisting of 56 patients, showed overjet equal to zero and physiological occlusion. While group two, made up of 18 patients presented different overjet zero. The cephalometric analysis was evaluated through the relationship between the Frankfurt plane and the front surface wall joint of the temporal bone and the palatal face of the upper incisors was performed. It were used a plastic measuring protractor, ranging from 0 to 180o, fitted with a fixed pointer at its center and mobile, through which were obtained measurements by moving the pointer, whose data were recorded on a card. Results: From a group, 52 (92.86%) had coincidence between the condylar guidance and the previous guidance, and only 4 patients (7.14%) did not have the matching guidances. Already the group two 17 patients (94.44%) had different previous guide condylar guide, and one patient (5.56%) had coincidence between the guides. Conclusion: Based on the results it can be concluded that the condylar guidances and earlier had a direct inter-relation, which are parameters for reconstruction and / or positioning of the previous guidance rehabilitation treatments.

Sintomatologia dolorosa na articulação temporomandibular após o uso do mecanismo de avanço mandibular para tratar apneia do sono / Symptomatology painful assessment in joint temporomandibular after advancing mechanism using mandibular for treating sleep apnea

Introdução: a apneia obstrutiva do sono é uma síndrome que provoca surtos de parada respiratória devido à obstrução das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono e pode ser tão severa que o tempo sem respiração pode superar a respiração normal durante o período de uma hora. Objetivo: avaliar a sintomatologia da dor na ATM após o uso do Mecanismo de Avanço Mandibular (MAD) como parte do tratamento da apneia do sono. Material e métodos: foram avaliados 21 pacientes, todos usuários de placa reposicionadora da mandíbula para anterior e com apneia do sono, que foram orientados a utilizá-la no período noturno, durante seis meses. Cada paciente foi avaliado mensalmente, cujos dados da anamnese foram anotados em ficha apropriada. Resultados: de todos os pacientes avaliados na consulta inicial nenhum apresentou dor à palpação nas ATM. Durante o período de avaliação observou-se que os pacientes apresentaram sintomatologia dolorosa em graus variados com o uso da placa. Conclusão: constatou-se que esta modalidade de tratamento desencadeou dor nas articulações temporomandibulares.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea is a syndrome that causes respiratory arrest outbreaks due to obstruction of the upper airway during sleep and can be so severe that the time without breathing can overcome the normal breathing during the period of one hour. Objective: To evaluate the symptoms of TMJ pain after using the Mandibular Advancement Mechanism (MAD) as part of the treatment of sleep apnea. Methods: 21 patients were evaluated, all repositioning splints users jaw to previous and sleep apnea, which were instructed to use it at night for six months. Each patient was evaluated monthly, whose interview data were recorded in appropriate form. Results: all patients evaluated in the initial consultation showed no pain on palpation in the ATM. During the trial period, it was observed that the patients had a painful symptoms in varying degrees by using the plate. Conclusion: it was found that this treatment triggered pain in the temporomandibular joints.

Hippocampal Astrocytes in Migrating and Wintering Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla.

Seasonal migratory birds return to the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year, and migratory long-distance shorebirds are good examples of this. These tasks require learning and long-term spatial memory abilities that are integrated into a navigational system for repeatedly locating breeding, wintering, and stopover sites. Previous investigations focused on the neurobiological basis of hippocampal plasticity and numerical estimates of hippocampal neurogenesis in birds but only a few studies investigated potential contributions of glial cells to hippocampal-dependent tasks related to migration. Here we hypothesized that the astrocytes of migrating and wintering birds may exhibit significant morphological and numerical differences connected to the long-distance flight. We used as a model the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, that migrates from northern Canada and Alaska to South America. Before the transatlantic non-stop long-distance component of their flight, the birds make a stopover at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. To test our hypothesis, we estimated total numbers and compared the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological features of adult C. pusilla astrocytes captured in the Bay of Fundy (n = 249 cells) with those from birds captured in the coastal region of Bragança, Brazil, during the wintering period (n = 250 cells). Optical fractionator was used to estimate the number of astrocytes and for 3-D reconstructions we used hierarchical cluster analysis. Both morphological phenotypes showed reduced morphological complexity after the long-distance non-stop flight, but the reduction in complexity was much greater in Type I than in Type II astrocytes. Coherently, we also found a significant reduction in the total number of astrocytes after the transatlantic flight. Taken together these findings suggest that the long-distance non-stop flight altered significantly the astrocytes population and that morphologically distinct astrocytes may play different physiological roles during migration.

Novel Microsatellite Markers for Brazilian Mangrove Oysters ( Crassostrea gasar ) and their Cross-Amplification in Crassostrea rhizophorae

ABSTRACT A microsatellite CT/GT enriched genomic library was developed for Crassostrea gasar and twelve new polymorphic loci were isolated and characterized. The markers were successfully amplified from 25 individuals of Crassostrea gasar and 11 cross-amplified individuals of Crassostrea rhizophorae. There was no evidence of linkage between loci in either species.

Utilização da metodologia "problem based learning" na disciplina de oclusão, na FO/UFG / Use of the methodology "problem based learning" in the discipline of occlusion, in FO/UFG

Objetivo: Este estudo constituiu-se na aplicação da metodologia PBL (Problem-Based Learning) na disciplina de Oclusão. Material e métodos: a amostra constituiu-se de 59 estudantes matriculados na disciplina de Oclusão da FO-UFG, do ano letivo em curso, que foram divididos em seis grupos, sendo cinco composto de 10 alunos e um com 9 alunos. Cada conteúdo da disciplina foi realizado por meio de casos clínicos previamente elaborados e discutidos sequencialmente e de acordo com o grau de complexibilidade do assunto, em módulos, orientados por um tutor. Na última etapa aplicou-se um questionário, por meio do qual observou-se as percepções dos acadêmicos acerca da metodologia utilizada, cujos resultados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente por porcentagem simples. Resultados: verificou-se que o método foi eficaz (61%), despertou o interesse pela disciplina e a busca de conhecimento na literatura (52%), possibilitou aferir o conhecimento do estudante (86,4%) ao passo que 5,1% afirmaram que esse método não foi capaz de aferir conhecimento. Conclusões: constatou-se que o método utilizado de ensino-aprendizagem estimulou o estudante a aprender a aprender possibilitando que ele tenha uma visão integral da disciplina dentro do contexto do curso de odontologia.

Objective: This study consisted in the application of PBL methodology (Problem-Based Learning) in the discipline of occlusion. Methods: the show consisted of 59 students enrolled in the course Occlusion FO-UFG, the school year, which were divided into six groups, five composed of 10 students and one with 9 students. Each content of the course was conducted through clinical cases previously prepared and discussed sequentially and according to the degree of complexity of the subject, in modules, guided by a tutor. In the last step was applied a questionnaire, through which there was the perceptions of academics about the methodology used, the results were statistically analyzed using percentages. Results: it was found that the method was effective (61%), aroused the interest of discipline and the pursuit of knowledge in the literature (52%), made possible to assess the student's knowledge (86.4%) whereas 5.1 % stated that this method was not able to assess knowledge. Conclusions: it was found that the method of teaching and learning encouraged students to learn to learn enabling it to have a comprehensive view of the subject within the dentistry course content.

Remoção de cárie e proservação de restaurações com ionômero de vidro em escolares da rede pública de ensino de Goiânia-Goiás / Carie removes and glass ionomer cements restorations follow up in schoolchildren at public schools from Goiania-Goias

A gravidade das consequências advindas da doença cárie justifica a importância de se desenvolver novas práticas educacionais, preventivas e assistenciais de saúde bucal, em especial para grupos populacionais de nível socioeconômico mais baixo. A partir de um estudo descritivo, de intervenção clínica, foram realizadas ações restauradoras e educativas com crianças de escola municipal da cidade de Goiânia-GO, com intuito de devolver a saúde bucal e restabelecer o seu bem estar. As atividades restauradoras consistiram em utilização de Cimento de Ionômero de Vidro (CIV), em dentes decíduos e permanentes. As atividades educativas consistiram em atividades lúdicas e escovação supervisionada. Realizaram-se palestras com o objetivo de conscientizar pais e/ou responsáveis e professores sobre a importância em dar continuidade ao trabalho realizado prezando uma boa saúde bucal e geral. Num total de 112 crianças examinadas, 71 (64%) apresentaram uma ou mais lesões cariosas, totalizando 201, cujos dentes foram restaurados. Após 4 meses da realização do tratamento, as restaurações foram reavaliadas e apenas 6 casos foram retratados. Conclui-se que o CIV é um material restaurador eficiente, de baixo custo e alto rendimento, que quando aliado a um planejamento educativo, pode devolver a saúde bucal do paciente.

Keeping in mind the serious consequences resulting from dental cavities, we must reafirm the importance of developing new educational and preventative practices to improve oral health, especially for populations who have less economic opportunities. Starting with a descriptive study of clinical intervention, there was begun a program of restorative treatment and concurrant education with children in the municipal schools of the City of Goiania; with the intention of restoring their oral health and their overall well-being. The restorative activities consisted of the use of Glass Ionamer Cement(GIC) a restorative material which is inexpensive and high yielding, in both first and second teeth. The educational activities consisted of games and supervised teeth brushing. Also, there were given lectures to parents and other responsible adults, as well as teachers about the importance of giving continuity to the work that had been started and stressing the importance of both oral and general health. In the total of 112 children examined, 71(64%) had one or more cavities, totaling 200 cavities. 12 cases were not treated sine in these cases the teeth were too decayed to be helped. An average of 1.67 cavities for each child were found and an average of 2.64 cavities were treated on each child in need. 3 months after the treatment the restorations were reevaluated and only 6 cases had to be redone; showing the efficiency of the GIC in all the other restorations. The CIV is a restorative material inexpensive and high yielding, associate with educative planning may give up the oral health.

Verificação do uso de próteses dentárias em servidores da UFG / Evaluation of the use of the dental prosthesis among UFG employees

Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a verificação do uso de próteses dentárias em servidores da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Material e Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental por meio de levantamento retrospectivo do uso de próteses dentárias qualitativa e quantitativamente no meio dos servidores técnico-administrativos da Universidade Federal de Goiás no período de cinco anos. As estratégias de coleta de dados foram, pelo preenchimento dos dados contidos em uma ficha apropriada, embasados na literatura pertinente. Resultados: A amostra constituiu de 5 prontuários analisados, sendo que 26% não são usuários de próteses e os outros 74% são portadores de próteses, dos quais 57% são mulheres e 43% são homens. Dessa amostra analisada, observou-se que 56,76% apresentaram-se com prótese parcial fixa; 5,41% prótese sobre implante; 2,70% prótese total bimaxilar; 29,73% prótese total associada à prótese parcial removível; 2,70% próteses total, fixa e removível; 2,70% prótese total. Conclusão: Com base nesses resultados, sugere-se que incremente subsídios e programas para o provável redirecionamento de serviço, bem como, de se estabelecer políticas de promoção e prevenção da saúde.

Objective: This study aims to verify the use of dental prostheses on servers at the Federal University of Goiás Methods: It is this work of documentary research through a retrospective survey of the use of qualitative and quantitative dentures among the technical and administrative staff of the Federal University of Goiás in the five-year period. Data collection strategies were at filling the data in an appropriate form, grounded in the literature. Results: The sample consisted of 50 charts analyzed, of which 26% are non users of prosthesis and the other 74% are carriers of prostheses, of which 57% are women and 43% are men. This sample analyzed, it was found that 56.76% showed with fixed partial denture; 5.41% prosthesis over the implant; 2.70% Total prosthesis bimaxilar; 29.73% Total prosthesis associated with a removable partial denture; 2.70% Total dentures, fixed and removable; 2.70% dentures. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is suggested that increases subsidies and programs for the probable redirection service, as well as to establish promotion and health prevention policies.